Debian は、Linux・kFreeBSD カーネルや GNU ツールセットが必要とする以上のハードウェアを要求しません。それゆえ、Linux・kFreeBSD カーネル、libc、gcc などが移植されていて、Debian の移植版が存在すれば、どんなアーキテクチャや プラットフォームでも Debian を動作させることができます。すでに Debian GNU/Linux でテストされている 32-bit soft-float ARM アーキテクチャシステムの詳細は、 http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ にある移植版のページを参照してください。
この節では、32-bit soft-float ARM でサポートされるハードウェアの様々な設定のすべてに触れることは避け、一般的な情報とさらなる情報が見つけられる場所へのポインタを紹介します。
Debian GNU/Linux 8 は 10 の主要なアーキテクチャと、「フレーバー」と呼ばれる各アーキテクチャのバリエーションをサポートしています。
アーキテクチャ | Debian での名称 | サブアーキテクチャ | フレーバー |
---|---|---|---|
Intel x86 ベース | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ハードウェア FPU がある ARM | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
MIPS (ビッグエンディアン) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (リトルエンディアン) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
64bit IBM S/390 | s390x | VM-reader や DASD からの IPL | generic |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 はふたつのアーキテクチャをサポートしています。
アーキテクチャ | Debian での名称 |
---|---|
Intel x86 ベース | kfreebsd-i386 |
AMD64 & Intel 64 | kfreebsd-amd64 |
この文書は Linux カーネルを用いた 32-bit soft-float ARM アーキテクチャへのインストールを扱います。Debian がサポートしている他のアーキテクチャに関する情報を探しているなら、Debian 移植版 のページをご覧ください。
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called 「system-on-chip」 (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the 「one-fits-all」 kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called 'armmp') in Debian/armhf.
The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in commonly used network attached storage (NAS) devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
While there is kernel support for this platform in Debian 8, it is not supported by the debian-installer
. It is possible to do a 「dist-upgrade」 from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the small amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx typically have, this requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in Debian 9.
Kirkwood is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. Debian currently supports the following Kirkwood based devices: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client and OpenRD-Ultimate), plug computers (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug and DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (all TS-11x, TS-21x and TS-41x models), and LaCie NASes (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2 Network v2, 2Big Network v2 and 5Big Network v2).
Orion is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an Orion chip. Debian currently supports the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 and HP mv2120.
The Versatile platform is emulated by QEMU and is therefore a nice way to test and run Debian on ARM if you don't have real hardware.
Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. Debian has supported the IOP32x platform in Debian 7, but does not support it any longer from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer Debian releases.
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported any more from Debian 8 onwards.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional 「firmware」 images (see 「ファームウェアが必要なデバイス」).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 ships with X.Org version 7.7.
Linux カーネルがサポートしているネットワークインターフェースカード (NIC) なら、インストールシステムでもほとんどサポートしています。ドライバモジュールは、通常自動的に読み込まれます。
32-bit soft-float ARM では、ほとんどの内蔵イーサネットデバイスをサポートしており、追加 PCI デバイスや、USB デバイスのモジュールを提供しています。