Debian não impõe requisitos de hardware para além do que é requerido pelo kernel Linux ou pelo kernel kFreeBSD e pelas ferramentas GNU. Por isso qualquer arquitectura ou plataforma para a qual tenha sido portado o kernel Linux ou kFreeBSD, libc, gcc, etc. e para a qual exista um port de Debian, poderá correr Debian. Para mais detalhes sobre sistemas com a arquitectura 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 que tenham sido testados com Debian GNU/Linux, por favor, veja as páginas dos Ports em http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/.
Em vez de tentar descrever todas a configurações de hardware que são suportadas por 32-bit hard-float ARMv7, esta secção contém informação geral e indicações de onde se pode encontrar informação adicional.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 suporta dez arquitecturas de maior relevo e várias variações de cada arquitectura conhecidas por “flavors”.
Arquitectura | Designação Debian | Sub-arquitectura | Flavor |
---|---|---|---|
Baseado em Intel x86 | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ARM com FPU em hardware | armhf | multi-plataforma | armmp |
multi-plataforma para sistemas LPAE | armmp-lpae | ||
ARM 64bit | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 ou máquinas mais recentes | |
IBM S/390 de 64bit | s390x | IPL a partir de VM-reader e DASD | generic |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 suporta duas arquitecturas.
Arquitectura | Designação Debian |
---|---|
Baseado em Intel x86 | kfreebsd-i386 |
AMD64 & Intel 64 | kfreebsd-amd64 |
Este documento cobre a instalação para a arquitectura 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 utilizando o Linux. Se está à procura de informação acerca de qualquer uma das outras arquitecturas suportadas por Debian veja a página dos Debian-Ports.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
Tecnicamente, todos os actuais CPUs ARM disponíveis podem correr em qualquer modo endian (big ou little), mas na prática a vasta maioria utiliza o modo little-endian. Debian/armhf, Debian/armhf e Debian/armel suportam apenas sistemas little-endian.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the “one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called 'armmp') in Debian/armhf.
É conhecido que os seguintes sistemas funcionam com Debian/armhf utilizando o kernel multi-plataforma /armmp):
A IMX53QSB é uma placa de desenvolvimento baseada no SoC i.MX53.
A Versatile Express é uma série de placas de desenvolvimento de ARM que consiste numa placa base que pode ser equipada com várias placas-filhas de CPU.
O kernel armmp suporta várias placas de desenvolvimento e sistemas embebidos baseados em SoCs Allwinner A10 (nome de código de arquitectura “sun4i”) A10s/A13 (nome de código da arquitectura “sun5i”) e A20 (nome de código de arquitectura “sun7i”. O suporte completo do instalador está actualmente disponível para os seguintes sistemas baseados em sunXi:
Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck
LeMaker Banana Pi e Banana Pro
LinkSprite pcDuino e pcDuino3
Mele A1000
Miniand Hackberry
Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino-LIME2 / A20-Olinuxino Micro
PineRiver Mini X-Plus
System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian.
O kernel Linux oficial normalmente suporta consola série, ethernet, SATA, USB e cartões SD/MMC nos SoCs Allwinner A10, A10s/A13 e A20, mas não tem drivers nativos para o display (HDMI/VGA/LCD) e hardware áudio nestes SoCs. A memória flash de alguns sistemas baseados em sunXi não é suportada.
É tecnicamente possível utilizar um display local sem drivers de display nativos através da infraestrutura “simplefb” no kernel oficial, a qual depende do gestor de arranque “U-Boot” para inicializar o hardware do display, mas isto não é suportado na versão do U-Boot que está em Debian 8.
The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SoC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that, the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.
The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI (console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in Debian 8.
Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running debian-installer
on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by debian-installer
has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working installation, but it may not be able to automatically make the system bootable. Doing that in many cases requires device-specific information.
Ao utilizar o debian-installer
em tais sistemas, tem de manualmente fazer com que o sistema arranque no final da instalação, e.g. correr os comandos necessários numa shell iniciada a partir do debian-installer
.
The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is no longer supported from Debian 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds. Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.
Suporte para múltiplos processadores — também chamado de “multi-processamento simétrico” ou SMP — está disponível para esta arquitectura. A imagem standard de kernel de Debian 8 foi compilada com suporte a SMP-alternatives. Isto significa que o kernel irá detectar o número de processadores (ou cores de processador) e irá automaticamente desactivar SMP em sistemas com um único processador.
Ter vários processadores num computador era originalmente um tópico para sistemas servidor topo de gama mas com a introdução dos chamados processadores “multi-core” tornou-se bastante comum nos últimos anos. Estes contêm dois ou mais unidades de processamento, chamadas “cores”, num único chip.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional “firmware” images (see Secção 2.2, “Dispositivos que Necessitam de Firmware”).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 ships with X.Org version 7.7.
Quase todas as placas de rede (NIC) suportadas pelo kernel Linux devem também ser suportadas pelo sistema de instalação; os controladores devem ser carregados automaticamente.
Em 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 é suportada a maioria dos dispositivos Ethernet embutidos e são disponibilizados módulos para dispositivos adicionais PCI e USB.